A mining environmental permit typically rests on an environmental impact assessment under the EU EIA Directive, 2011/92/EU as amended, or its national equivalent, plus a waste management plan under the Extractive Waste Directive, water permits and, for many projects, a tailings facility designed against the Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management. Projects designated strategic under the EU Critical Raw Materials Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1252, have time limits on permit-granting, which raises the cost of an incomplete or inconsistent application.
And the permit is only the beginning. The commitments made in the assessment (monitoring, mitigation, rehabilitation, community undertakings) have to be met for the life of the mine and through closure, long after the people who wrote them have moved on. Where projects are financed against the IFC Performance Standards, lenders check those commitments too.